This book surveys recent advances made in the research of water on Mars and its astrobiological implication. Meanwhile, the presence of abundant frozen H2O on present Mars is beyond question and recent spacecraft are unveiling the manifold appearances of Martian water largely hidden from visual inspection. Ground ice in the polar region and water ice in the southern polar cap recently detected by Mars Odyssey and Mars Express, respectively, may be the tip of the Martian iceberg, also in a figurative sense, and encourages the planetary and astrobiological community to strengthen their efforts to follow the water on Mars. Liquid water is generally considered to have played a major role in the evolution of terrestrialtype life. Under this premise, water on Mars inevitably becomes one major subject of astrobiology, which is currently being established as a new interdisciplinary research field.
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